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William Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor seven years earlier, founds Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories in Santa Clara Valley. He recruits 12 young scientists dedicated to the use of germanium and silicon for transistors -- his "Ph.D. production line." Shockley wins the Nobel Prize¨ for Physics in 1956, but his management style and disenchantment with pure research causes the eight young scientists to leave company.
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